Minimum-wage increases, animal protections, police accountability, and cutting and increasing taxes are all part of a series of new laws taking effect across the U.S. on Saturday, the first day of 2022.
增加最低工资、动物保护、警察责任、减税和增税等一系列新法律都将于周六,也就是2022年的第一天在全美生效。
Some of the laws, such as abortion restrictions in New Hampshire or police-reform measures passed in Illinois, Oregon and North Carolina, address some of the most contentious issues of the time.
其中一些法律,如新罕布什尔州的堕胎限制法案,伊利诺斯州、俄勒冈州和北卡罗来纳州通过的警察改革措施,解决了当时一些最具争议的问题。
Others, such as a Maine law passed in the aftermath of a September 2019 explosion that killed a firefighter and injured a number of others, are more narrowly focused and were passed to remedy specific situations.
其他一些法律,比如在2019年9月发生爆炸后通过的一项缅因州法律,该爆炸造成一名消防员死亡,多人受伤。该法律的关注点更狭隘,通过该法律是为了解决特定情况。
The Connecticut Parentage Act allows unmarried, same-sex or nonbiological parents to establish parenting rights through a simple form that gives parents legal capabilities immediately after a child is born.
《康涅狄格亲子法》允许未婚、同性或非亲生父母通过一种简单的形式确立育儿权,即在孩子出生后立即赋予父母法律能力。
In Kansas, people will be allowed to buy specialized license plates featuring the “Don’t Tread on Me” and coiled snake symbol featured on what’s known as the Gadsden flag. Critics suggested that the Gadsden flag has become a racist symbol that has been adopted by some far-right groups.
在堪萨斯州,人们将被允许购买特殊的车牌,上面有“不要踩着我”和被称为“加兹登旗”的蛇形标志。批评人士表示,加斯登旗已经成为一些极右组织采用的种族主义象征。
Here is a rundown of some of the new laws taking effect Saturday across the country:
以下是周六在全国范围内生效的一些新法律的概要:
Minimum wage: California will become the first state to require a $15-an-hour minimum wage for businesses with more than 25 employees. A number of other locations across the country have already reached the $15 threshold.
最低工资:加州将成为第一个要求雇员超过25人的企业每小时最低工资为15美元的州。全国其他一些地方已经达到了15美元的门槛。
More than 20 other states are also increasing their minimum wages to amounts of less than $15. A handful of states have no state-level minimum wage law, meaning they rely on the federal minimum wage of $7.25 per hour.
其他20多个州也将最低工资提高到15美元以下。少数几个州没有州一级的最低工资法,这意味着它们依赖于每小时7.25美元的联邦最低工资。
Abortion: In New Hampshire, abortion will be prohibited after 24 weeks of gestation, with exceptions for the mother’s life or physical health.
堕胎:在新罕布什尔州,禁止在怀孕24周后堕胎,但为了母亲的生命或身体健康除外。
Democrats have already drafted legislation seeking to repeal the new restrictions. Some also want to include the right to make reproductive medical decisions a constitutional right.
民主党人已经起草了试图废除新限制的法案。一些人还希望将做出生殖医疗决定的权利纳入宪法。
The new law in New Hampshire comes as the U.S. Supreme Court is considering a case that could severely erode abortion rights that have stood for half a century.
在新罕布什尔州出台这项新法律的同时,美国最高法院正在考虑一个案件,这个案件可能会严重损害已经存在了半个世纪的堕胎权利。
Republican lawmakers across the country are ready to further restrict or ban abortions outright while Democratic-led ones are seeking to ensure access to abortion in their state law.
全国各地的共和党议员都准备进一步限制或完全禁止堕胎,而民主党领导的议员则寻求在州法律中确保堕胎的权利。
Animal welfare: Come Saturday California will have the nation’s toughest living-space standards for breeding pigs.
动物福利:从本周六开始,加州将有全国最严格的养猪生活空间标准。
Industry lawsuits failed to block the measure that is the result of a 2018 ballot initiative failed, but grocers and restaurateurs are now suing to force a 28-month delay. Critics including some lawmakers of both parties have called for putting off enforcement until 2024 for fear prices will rise and jobs will be lost.
行业诉讼未能阻止这项2018年投票倡议失败的措施,但杂货店和餐馆现在正在起诉,要求推迟28个月。包括两党一些议员在内的批评人士呼吁将执法推迟到2024年,因为他们担心价格会上涨,工作岗位会流失。
California is allowing the continued sale of pork processed under the old rules, which proponents say should blunt any shortage and price surge.
加州将允许继续销售按照旧规定加工的猪肉,支持者说,这将缓解任何短缺和价格飙升。
Maryland will join a number of states with a new law that will prohibit the sale of any new cosmetic product if it contains ingredients that were tested on animals.
马里兰州将加入一些州的行列,颁布一项新法律,禁止销售任何含有动物试验成分的新型化妆品。
In Vermont, a new law outlaws the trade in parts or products from a number of exotic animals, including elephants, giraffes, sea turtles, endangered sharks, whales and certain primates.
在佛蒙特州,一项新法律将一些外来动物的部分或产品的贸易定为非法,这些动物包括大象、长颈鹿、海龟、濒危鲨鱼、鲸鱼和某些灵长类动物。
The law includes exemptions for law enforcement, educational or scientific uses. The law also allows for the trade in antiques that contain small amounts of the animal product or is a fixed component of a firearm; knife; or a legally acquired, small musical instrument.
该法律包括执法、教育或科学用途的豁免。该法律还允许买卖含有少量动物制品或属于火器固定部件的古董;刀;或者是合法获得的小型乐器。
Drug laws: Recreational marijuana will become legal in Montana. State voters approved the change in a November 2020 initiative.
毒品法:消遣用大麻将在蒙大拿州合法化。州选民在2020年11月的一项倡议中批准了这一改变。
Under the new law, only businesses that had been providing medical marijuana prior to Nov. 3, 2020, are eligible to grow, manufacture and sell adult-use marijuana, concentrates and edibles through June 30, 2023.
根据新法律,只有在2020年11月3日之前提供医用大麻的企业,才有资格在2023年6月30日之前种植、制造和销售成人用大麻、浓缩物和食用大麻。
A new Mississippi law eliminates the requirement for a prescription to buy decongestants that contain ephedrine or pseudoephedrine. Under the new law, the medicine will be available behind the counter of pharmacies, and pharmacists will be required to keep track of how much is sold to one person.
密西西比州的一项新法律取消了处方购买含有麻黄碱或伪麻黄碱的减充血药的要求。根据这项新法律,这种药品将在药店的柜台后出售,药剂师将被要求记录卖给一个人的药品的价格。
Like many other states, Mississippi mandated a prescription years ago because drug enforcement agents said medications with ephedrine or pseudoephedrine were being used as an ingredient in crystal methamphetamine. Some consumers complained that nonprescription decongestants were not strong enough.
和其他许多州一样,密西西比州在几年前就要求开具处方,因为毒品执法人员说,含有麻黄碱或伪麻黄碱的药物被用作冰毒的一种成分。一些消费者抱怨非处方减充血剂的药效不够强。
Physical discrimination: In both Illinois and Oregon, new laws take effect that ban discrimination based on physical characteristics, such as hairstyle.
身体歧视:在伊利诺斯州和俄勒冈州,新的法律开始生效,禁止基于身体特征的歧视,例如发型。
In Oregon, the bill known unofficially known as the “Crown Act” will ban discrimination based on “physical characteristics that are historically associated with race,” including hair styles such as braids, locs and twists.
在俄勒冈州,这项被非正式地称为“王冠法案”的法案将禁止基于“历史上与种族有关的身体特征”的歧视,包括辫子、发箍和发辫等发型。
In Illinois, the legislation is known as the Jett Hawkins Law after Gus “Jett” Hawkins, a Black student who at age 4 was told to take out his braids because the hairstyle violated the dress code at his Chicago school.
在伊利诺伊州,这项立法被称为《杰特霍金斯法》(Jett Hawkins Law),得名于一名名叫格斯“杰特”霍金斯(Gus“Jett”Hawkins)的黑人学生。霍金斯是一名4岁的黑人学生,他的发型违反了他所在的芝加哥学校的着装规定,因此被要求去掉辫子。
His mother, Ida Nelson, began an awareness campaign after the incident, saying stigmatizing children’s hair can negatively affect their educational development. She called the it “monumental” when the bill was signed last summer by Democratic Gov. J.B. Pritzker.
事件发生后,他的母亲艾达·纳尔逊(Ida Nelson)发起了一项提高认识的活动,称让孩子的头发蒙羞会对他们的教育发展产生负面影响。去年夏天,民主党州长j·b·普利兹克(J.B. Pritzker)签署了这项法案,她称其“具有里程碑意义”。
Police reform: Spurred by the racial reckoning following the murder of George Floyd and other Black people killed by police, a number of states passed new criminal justice laws in 2021 — the first full year of state legislative sessions after Floyd’s death.
警察改革:在乔治·弗洛伊德和其他黑人被警察杀害后的种族清算的推动下,许多州在2021年通过了新的刑事司法法律——这是弗洛伊德死后的第一年州立法会议。
An Illinois law standardizes certification of police officers by the Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board and allows for decertifying officers for repeated errant or unethical behavior, instead of only when they’re convicted of a crime.
伊利诺斯州的一项法律规范了伊利诺斯州执法培训和标准委员会(Illinois law Enforcement Training and Standards Board)对警察的认证,并允许对反复犯错或有不道德行为的警察取消认证,而不是只在他们被判有罪时才取消认证。
In North Carolina, law enforcement recruits now must receive psychological screenings by a licensed psychologist to determine their suitability for the job before they can work as an officer or deputy. A previous mandate didn’t apply to everyone.
在北卡罗莱纳州,新招募的执法人员现在必须接受由执业心理学家进行的心理筛查,以确定他们是否适合这份工作,然后才能成为一名警官或副手。之前的命令并不适用于所有人。
In Oregon, a new law requires a police officer who witnesses another officer engaging in misconduct or a violation of the state’s minimum moral fitness standards to report it to a supervisor within 72 hours. A police agency must complete an investigation within three months and report findings of misconduct that rises above minor violations to the state.
在俄勒冈州,一项新法律要求警官在发现其他警官有不当行为或违反该州最低道德健康标准的行为时,必须在72小时内向主管人员报告。警察机关必须在3个月内完成调查,并将发现的不正当行为报告给国家。
Taxes: In Georgia, a new law increases the amount people can earn before they start paying state taxes. The tax cut will save individual tax filers up to $43 a year, and married couples filing jointly up to $63.
税收:在佐治亚州,一项新法律提高了人们在开始缴纳州税之前的收入。这项减税政策将为个人纳税人每年节省最多43美元,为已婚夫妇共同纳税最多节省63美元。
Georgia teachers who agree to work in certain rural or low-performing schools could get up to $3,000 a year off their state income taxes for five years.
乔治亚州的教师如果同意在某些农村地区或表现较差的学校工作,每年可以获得高达3000美元的州所得税减免,为期5年。
In Oklahoma, the top individual income tax rate is dropping from 5% to 4.75%. Lawmakers also slashed the corporate income tax rate from 6% to 4%.
在俄克拉荷马州,最高个人所得税税率从5%降至4.75%。议员们还将企业所得税税率从6%下调至4%。
“I’ve pledged to make Oklahoma a top 10 state for business and making our business taxes among the lowest in the nation is another tool that will help us continue to recruit and retain companies,” Oklahoma’s Republican Gov. Kevin Stitt said after signing the bills.
俄克拉何马州州长、共和党人凯文·斯蒂特在签署法案后表示:“我承诺将俄克拉何马州打造成十大商业州,将我们的营业税降至全国最低行列,这是帮助我们继续招募和留住企业的另一项手段。”
In New Mexico, Gov. Michelle Lujan Grisham and the state’s Democrat-led Legislature added a new 2.75% surtax on health insurance premiums.
在新墨西哥州,州长米歇尔·卢扬·格里沙姆(Michelle Lujan Grisham)和该州民主党领导的立法机构增加了一项新的2.75%的医疗保险费附加税。
The tax increase will be used in large part to underwrite health-exchange insurance offerings for low- and moderate-income individuals along with employees at small businesses, starting in 2023.
从2023年开始,增加的税收将在很大程度上用于为低收入和中等收入的个人以及小企业雇员提供医疗交换保险。